The Indonesian Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) is a tropical LME of about 400,000 square kilometers (km2) situated at the confluence of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It has a composite structure of environmental conditions, with local areas of upwelling, strong wind-driven and tidal currents, and nutrient inputs from rivers or human activities. The LME is influenced by a monsoonal system, with a pattern of surface currents varying during the southeast and northwest monsoon. It experiences annual and interannual variations in surface temperature. The warm ocean and its links to the atmosphere create the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. LME book chapters and articles include Morgan, 1989, Zijlstra and Baars, 1990, and Kadri et al, 1999.
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